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リスクファイナンスの経営・財務上の意義

リスクファイナンスの経営・財務上の意義

はじめに

リスクファイナンスは企業が行う事業活動に必然的に付随するリスクについてこれらが顕在化した際の企業経営へのネガティブインパクトを緩和していく手法になります。事業活動に対して適切で財務的な手当で出来ていない場合には事業活動に係るリスクの顕在化で財務基盤が毀損してしまうことで企業にとっては収益性が高く望ましい投資が阻害される可能性があります。企業の持続性や競争力を高める上で、リスクファイナンスを含めた戦略的な企業財務が果たす役割は非常に重要です。

リスクの顕在化と経営悪化スパイラル

リスクの顕在化とそれに伴う予想以上の損失は、財務基盤の劣化や風評の悪化などに伴う調達コストの上昇を引き起こしまし。それが望ましい投資の抑制につながります。また新規投資の抑制や資金調達コストの上昇は収益力の低下を引き起こしていきます。その結果として再び財務基盤の劣化や企業価値の低下が生じます。企業は倒産に向けた負のスパイラルに引き込まれていきます。リスクの事象に伴う損失が予想以上に巨額の場合には即座に企業倒産のリスクに追い込まれます。

企業価値の減少⇒財務基盤の劣化⇒信用力の低下⇒株価の低下⇒格付けの低下⇒調達コストの上昇⇒収益力の低下⇒企業価値の減少⇒倒産などに追い込まれます。

金融や資本市場ではリスクの顕在化によって企業が受けるべき財務的なインパクトになります。すなわち財務基盤の劣化や風評の悪化を通した信用力低下とそれに伴う資金調達コストの上昇はより顕著になっています。併せてリスクファイナンスの失敗は企業の損益の振れ幅を増大していきます。本来達成可能な企業価値の創造を阻害することになります。

企業の事業投資ではある一定の資源の下で利潤の最大化を図ると同時にリスクの顕在化に対する財務的な耐性を高めておくことが重要になります。換言すれば企業価値の最大化には適切なリスクファイナンスの取り組みが必要不可欠になります。

リスクファイナンスの最適化

各企業がリスクファイナンスの最適化を図っていくことが理想です。まず各企業が置かれた経営環境・財務状況・ステークホルダーからの要請・全社的なリスク評価などの結果を把握することが必要です。

こうして把握した企業自身の状況を踏まえて企業は保有可能なリスクと外部移転すべきのリスクの峻別を行っていきます。リスクファイナンスで手当てしていくことで得られる効果と各リスクファイナンスの手法に関する活用のコストを考えていく上で自社にとって最適なリスクファイナンスを達成していくことができます。

こうして把握した企業自身の状況を踏まえていくことで企業は保有可能なリスクと外部移転すべきリスクの峻別を行っていくことでリスクファイナンスで手当てすることにより得られる効果と各リスクファイナンス手法の活用に要するコストを勘案した上で、自社にとって最適なリスクファイナンスを達成していくことになります。

最適なリスクファイナンスは一意に決まるものではありません。各企業の状況は企業の内部状況や外部環境によっても常に変化していきます。企業はこれらの状況の変化を踏まえていくことで自らの判断でよることで最適なリスクファイナンスの達成を図っていくことが必要になります。

保険市場と再保険市場の規模的な制約

保険会社では企業から引き受けたリスクを自らのリスク許容力に応じて一部あるいは全てを再保険市場に移転することが一般的に行われています。保険会社が集めたリスクを再保険会社に持っていくことで効率的なリスク分散を図ることができます。保険会社はこうした再保険機能が提供されいます。そこからより多くの保険キャパシティを提供することができます。逆に言えば保険会社のリスク引受け能力は再保険市場のリスクの許容力に多くを依存しているとも取れなくはありません。

再保険市場は全世界で見ても40兆円弱程度の規模といわれています。一般的にはリスクに対する反応が高く大きな災害が発生してしまうと翌年以降の再保険料が高騰するといった市場構造になっています。そのような展開で再保険料が高騰してしまうと保険会社の保険料の上昇あるいは引受許容力の低下を招きかねません。

地震リスクに関しては、首都直下地震が発生した場合の被害額は112兆円に上ると予測されています。再保険市場の許容力とのバランスにより、特に関東・東海地方における地震保険については企業のニーズに対する保険キャパシティが十分に提供されているとは言い難い状況になっています。

海外及び国内先進企業の取り組み

リスクが多様化そして複雑化する中で一般的な保険商品にのみ依存せずにより戦略的なリスクファイナンスの取り組みを検討していく動きが海外や国内の一部先進企業で見られています。

たとえば保険会社がリスクの情報を十分に有していないがために保険の引き受けが困難あるいはリスク情報の不完全性を補完していくための上乗プレミアムを要するようなリスクについては従来までの一般的な保険商品ではなくオーダーメイドの保険プログラムを組成していくことで対応していくケースが見られています。

すなわちファイナイト保険などの保険商品を通じて、保険会社と企業の間でのリスクシェアリングを行うことで、効果的なリスクファイナンスを実現する企業が見られています。こうしたリスクシェアリングの考え方を更に進めていきます。グループ企業内に保険子会社(キャプティブ)を設立してグループ企業の保険リスクを一部保有するといった手法も企業で活用されています。

他方規模的な制約のある保険・再保険の市場で金融や資本市場では投資家の厚みもあってリスクの引き受けキャパシティに余裕があるものといわれています。新たなリスク引受けキャパシティを金融・資本市場に求めた保険デリバティブや証券化商品といったリスクファイナンス手法を活用する企業も見られます。

リスクファイナンスの最適化にあたって、一般的な保険商品で対応可能なリスクも含めて、キャプティブやファイナイト保険や保険デリバティブあるいは証券化といったリスクファイナンス手法を活用することで保険による引受けが困難であったリスクへの手当てを実現しています。

企業によっては、戦略的にリスクを保有していくことで、当該部分について緊急時の機動的な借入れを可能とする手法を活用しているケースも見られていきます。

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